Purpose of monitoring

Abstract

Before embarking on an ecological monitoring program, it is important to define the objectives. The monitoring program can then be designed to fulfill those objectives. If the purpose of monitoring is to assist resource managers, then a number of important questions should be considered during the design process. Once these questions have been answered, a useful, cost-effective monitoring program can be set up. The model that appears to be having the most success in different parts of the world is one involving at least two tiers of differing resolution. At a small number of sites, high intensity monitoring is carried out at frequent intervals and using species level identification. At a larger number of sites, a broader brush approach such as Reef Check is taken, and typically the monitoring is carried out by a combination of scientists and members of the community. The broad brush results are not only useful to fill in geographically, but also provide an early warning system should more detailed surveys be needed.

 

Introduction

Monitoring coral reefs to serve management is one type of Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A), a system that has evolved from environmental impact assessments (EIAs). EM&A plans are typically used to check the status of the environment during a development project, such as road or building construction. The monitoring results are checked or audited to determine if changes in the environment are due to the project, and if so what action can be taken to prevent further change. When considering how to monitor coral reefs for conservation purposes, the EM&A model is useful.

 

The design of a practical, useful monitoring plan involves art as well as science. There is no one correct design, and there are many incorrect ones. A poorly designed monitoring plan can be costly, wasteful, and may produce meaningless, misleading or incorrect results. To avoid these pitfalls, it is essential to follow a rigorous design process that includes consideration of a series of questions about the purpose and content of the project, as well as a detailed review of available data and/or a pilot study to determine key factors. While it may not be possible to answer all the questions posed, it is important to at least define what is not knowable. As part of the monitoring plan, it is essential to include a flexible Action Plan which lists what specific activities may be undertaken if a particular change is detected in the ecosystem.  It is important to integrate the monitoring plan with a more general management plan for the area. 

 

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